Presentación clínica y hallazgos radiográficos de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de mastitis granulomatosa idiopática / Clinical presentation and radiological findings of patients with histopathological diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

INTRODUCCIÓN. La mastitis granulomatosa idiopática es una patología inflamatoria benigna de mama con clínica y hallazgos imagenológicos no específicos; usualmente confundida con cáncer de mama. El síntoma más frecuente es una masa mamaria palpable. El diagnóstico es histopatológico. OBJETIVO. Describir el perfil demográfico, presentación clínica y hallazgos radiográficos de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de mastitis granulomatosa idiopática. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Población de 1130 y muestra de 49 datos de historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de mastitis granulomatosa idiopática con el código CIE10 N61x Trastornos Inflamatorios de la mama, atendidas en la Unidad Técnica de Imagenología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en la ciudad de Quito entre enero 2019 hasta diciembre 2021. El criterio de inclusión fue la confirmación histopatológica de mastitis granulomatosa idiopática. Los criterios de exclusión: antecedentes de neoplasia maligna de mama, antecedentes de HIV, patología inflamatoria sistémica como granulomatosis de Wegener, sarcoidosis, infecciones granulomatosas crónicas como tuberculosis, brucelosis, histoplasmosis, sífilis y reacciones a cuerpos extraños como material de implantes mamarios. Se analizaron datos demográficos, presentación clínica, hallazgos mamográficos, ecográficos y la categorización BIRADS. Se efectuó un análisis univarial; para las variables cualitativas se realizó frecuencias y porcentajes; para las variables cuantitativas se realizó medidas de tendencia central. La información recolectada fue analizada en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTADOS La mediana de la edad fue 36 años. El 94,00% de pacientes tenían por lo menos un hijo; 77,50% presentaron con una masa palpable; 55,10% se acompañaron de signos inflamatorios; 16,00% asociaron fístulas y 24,40% presentaron secreción. Solo 1 caso presentó afectación bilateral. CONCLUSIÓN En este estudio, la mastitis granulomatosa idiopática afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva sin antecedentes de malignidad quienes presentan una masa mamaria palpable que puede estar acompañada de signos inflamatorios, colecciones y fístulas. La realización de una biopsia core eco guiada, para confirmar su diagnóstico.

INTRODUCTION. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a benign inflammatory breast pathology with nonspecific clinical and imaging findings; usually mistaken for breast cancer. The most frequent symptom is a palpable breast mass. The diagnosis is histopathologic. OBJECTIVE. To describe the demographic profile, clinical presentation and radiographic findings of patients with histopathologic diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Population of 1130 and sample of 49 data from electronic medical records of patients with histological diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis with ICD10 code N61x Inflammatory disorders of the breast, attended at the Technical Imaging Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital in the city of Quito between January 2019 and December 2021. The inclusion criterion was histopathological confirmation of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Exclusion criteria: history of malignant breast neoplasia, history of HIV, systemic inflammatory pathology such as Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, chronic granulomatous infections such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, syphilis and reactions to foreign bodies such as breast implant material. Demographic data, clinical presentation, mammographic and ultrasound findings and BIRADS categorization were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed; frequencies and percentages were used for qualitative variables; measures of central tendency were used for quantitative variables. RESULTS. The median age was 36 years. 94,00% of patients had at least one child; 77,50% presented with a palpable mass; 55,10% were accompanied by inflammatory signs; 16,00% were associated with fistulas and 24,40% presented with discharge. Only 1 case presented bilateral involvement. CONCLUSION. In this study, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis affects women of reproductive age with no history of malignancy who present with a palpable breast mass that may be accompanied by inflammatory signs, collections and fistulas. The performance of an echo-guided core biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

TGF-ß1 and CD68 immunoexpression in capsules formed by textured implants with and without mesh coverage: a study on female rats

Purpose: To evaluate fibrosis formation and number of macrophages in capsules formed around textured implants without and with mesh coverage. Methods: Fibrosis was analyzed through transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) immunomarker expression and the number of macrophages through CD68 percentage of cells in magnified field. Sixty female Wistar rats were distributed into two groups of 30 rats (unmeshed and meshed). Each group was then subdivided into two subgroups for postoperative evaluation after 30 and 90 days. The p value was adjusted by Bonferroni lower than 0.012. Results: No difference was observed in fibrosis between meshed and unmeshed groups (30 days p = 0.436; 90 days p = 0.079) and from 30 to 90 days in the unmeshed group (p = 0.426). The meshed group showed higher fibrosis on the 90th day (p = 0.001). The number of macrophages was similar between groups without and with mesh coverage (30 days p = 0.218; 90 days p = 0.044), and similar between subgroups 30 and 90 days (unmeshed p = 0.085; meshed p = 0.059). Conclusions: In the meshed group, fibrosis formation was higher at 90 days and the mesh-covered implants produced capsules similar to microtextured ones when analyzing macrophages. Due to these characteristics, mesh coating did not seem to significantly affect the local fibrosis formation.

Application of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To examine the clinical effect of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction. Methods: The clinicopathological information of 141 breast cancer patients, who admitted to Department of Breast Reconstruction and Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, underwent immediate mammoplasty with implants combined with acellular bovine pericardium patches were analyzed from June 2016 to October 2019. All patients were female, with the age of (38.8±8.5) years (range: 13 to 60 years). The body mass index was (21.9±2.5) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 32.3 kg/m2). There were 39 cases of duct carcinoma in situ, 46 cases of stage Ⅰ, 40 cases of stage Ⅱ and 16 cases of stage Ⅲ. All patients received nipple-areola-sparing mastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection, and prosthesis implantation with sub-pectoralis combined with breast patch. The correlation of clinicopathological characters and complications was assessed by t test, χ2 test, Fisher's exact probability method and Logistic regression. Pre-and post-operative aesthetic, quality of life scores were recorded. Results: The operation time (M(IQR)) was 3.6(1.5) hours (range: 3.0 to 6.5 hours). The early postoperative complication rate was 22.0% (31/141), prosthesis removal was the main postoperative complication, accounting for 64.5% (20/31) of the total complications, of which 15 cases occurred in the first 30 patients. The follow-up time was 28(8) months (range: 20 to 53 months), The most frequent long-term complications were capsular contracture and implant displacement, with the incidence of 11.2% (14/125) and 10.4% (13/125), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that prosthesis volume ≥300 ml (OR=8.173, 95%CI: 1.302 to 51.315, P=0.021) and peri-areolar incision (OR=7.809, 95%CI: 2.162 to 28.211, P<0.01) were independent relative factors for the occurrence of short-term postoperative local complications. After 2 years of operation, the score of breast appearance satisfaction was 71.7±15.5, postoperative effect satisfaction was 90.4±9.5, psychological satisfaction was 90.7±17.1, sexual satisfaction was 70.1±25.1. The immediate postoperative satisfaction rate at discharge was 95.4% (134/141), and 17.6% (22/125) of patients had the intention to received revision surgery. Conclusions: Prosthesis volume ≥300 ml and peri-areolar incision were independent realtive factors for short-term local complications after bovine pericardium patch combined with prosthesis implantation in the immediate breast reconstruction. After completing the learning curve, the postoperative complications of the procedure could be decreased.

Prótesis mamarias texturizadas y linfoma anaplástico de células grandes / Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)

Resumen En los últimos años, han aparecido evidencias que relacionan a un tipo de linfoma mamario con los implantes de silicona, lo que ha causado gran conmoción a nivel mundial. Este linfoma anaplástico de células grandes no Hodgkin (células T monoclonales), se ha visto asociado en mayoría de los casos, a las prótesis mamarias texturizadas. Es relativamente raro, ya que se puede presentar en 1 de cada 2.832 operados (as) y se puede manifestar como un seroma periprotésico o como una tumoración de la cápsula cicatrizal mamaria con o sin compromiso de la glándula y de los tejidos adyacentes.

In recent years, evidence has appeared linking a type of breast lymphoma with silicone implants, which has caused great commotion worldwide. This anaplastic large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (monoclonal T cells) has been associated in most cases with textured breast implants. It is relatively rare, since it can occur in 1 in 2832 operated on and it can manifest as a periprosthetic seroma or as a tumor of the mammary scar capsule with or without involvement of the gland and adjacent tissues.

Metaplasia sinovial capsular mamaria: a propósito de un caso / Mammary capsular synovial metaplasia: a case report

La metaplasia sinovial capsular mamaria es una patología poco frecuente, de origen desconocido, que se presenta generalmente con aumento de volumen mamario (colección líquida) en un período breve y frecuentemente unilateral el posoperatorio (3 meses o más). Su diagnóstico se realiza por punción con aguja fina guiada por ecografía y estudios histomorfológico y de inmunohistoquímica. Debe diferenciarse del linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios. El tratamiento consiste en extracción por punción de la colección líquida, reposo del brazo del lado afectado y en caso de recidivas cambio de implante e instilación de corticoides en bolsillo capsular. Presentación a propósito de un caso.

Breast capsular Synovial Metaplasia is a rare pathology of unknown origin, which usually occurs with increased breast volume (liquid collection) in a short and often unilateral postoperatively (3 months or more). Diagnosis is made with fine needle puncture guided by ultrasound and histomorphological and immunohistochemistry studies. It should differ from anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants. Treatment consists of puncture extraction of the liquid collection, rest of the arm of the affected side and in case of relapses implant change and installation of Corticoids in capsular pocket. Filing on a case

Pioderma gangrenoso en mamoplastia posbariátrica / Pyoderma gangrenosum in postbariatric mammoplasty

El pioderma gangrenoso es una patología infrecuente, de origen desconocido, caracterizada por la presencia de úlceras cutáneas de carácter necrótico, de aparición recurrente y rápida progresión. Puede manifestarse en cualquier área anatómica a partir de procesos quirúrgicos o traumáticos, que actúan como disparadores de la reacción autoinmune localizada. En pacientes con cirugía reciente, los signos y síntomas de esta patología se asemejan a una infección posoperatoria. El tratamiento se basa en el uso de corticosteroides e inmunosupresores, containdicando la conducta quirúrgica dado que la misma puede exacerbar la enfermedad. Presentamos un caso de pioderma gangrenoso en mastoplastía posbariátrica con inclusión de prótesis.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare pathology of unknown origin, characterized by the presence of necrotic skin ulcers of recurrent appearance and rapid progression. It can emerge in any anatomic area, after surgeries or traumatic procedures which act as triggers of the localized immune reaction. In patients who have undergone recent surgeries, the signs and symptoms from this pathology resemble a post-operative infection. The treatment consist of corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants. Surgical procedure is contraindicated since it can exacerbate the disease. We present a case of pyoderma gangrenosum in mastopexy with breast implant insertion post bariatric surgery.

Linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios diagnosticado mediante punción por aguja fina. Caso clínico

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma, recently defined in the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms. It occurs more commonly when textured implants are used and appears clinically as a late seroma. Cytologically, these lesions are composed of large atypical cells with pleomorphic nucleus and an immunophenotype positive for T cell markers and CD30, and negative for ALK1. We report a 56-years-old woman with breast implants who developed a periprosthetic seroma three years after surgery. A fine needle aspiration of the lesion was carried out. Cytology and the immunocytochemical study revealed cells compatible with BIA-ALCL. The flow cytometric study was negative. Excisional biopsy of the capsule was performed, observing that the neoplastic cells were confined to the inner surface of the capsule. Imaging studies did not find evidence of disseminated disease. The present case demonstrates the importance of the study of any late periprosthetic effusion, which can be performed using fine needle aspiration.

PECS I block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing breast augmentation surgery: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study / Bloqueio PECS I para analgesia pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos a mamoplastia de aumento: estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo

Abstract Background and objectives: PECS I block was first described for surgery involving the pectoralis muscles. No randomized clinical trial has been conducted on surgeries that directly involve these muscles, such as subpectoral breast augmentation. We hypothesized that PECS I block would decrease pain in the postoperative period in this population. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in women undergoing subpectoral breast augmentation surgery. PECS I block was performed using 0.4 mL.kg-1 of 0.9% saline on one side and bupivacaine (0.25%) on the other side, each patient being her own control. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores (0 - 10) were measured at rest and during movement. The primary outcome was pain score at rest 30 minutes after arrival in the PACU. To detect a clinically significant difference of 50% in pain reduction, 14 volunteers were enrolled (power of 90% and alpha < 0.05). Results: In the PACU, three patients had no difference in pain between sides, five had reduced pain on the placebo side, and six had reduced pain on the bupivacaine side. In the bupivacaine group, pain scores at rest at 5, 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours were 4.89 (4.23 - 5.56; mean 95% CI), 3.75 (3.13 - 4.37), 3.79 (2.93 - 4.64), and 2.29 (1.56 - 3.01), respectively, whereas in the placebo group, they were 4.96 (4.32 - 5.60), 4.00 (3.50 - 4.49), 3.93 (3.12 - 4.73), and 2.29 (1.56 - 3.01), respectively. Conclusions: PECS I block in patients undergoing breast augmentation surgery does not provide better pain relief than placebo. Therefore, the indications for PECS I block in breast augmentation surgery should be reconsidered.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio PECS I foi descrito pela primeira vez para cirurgia envolvendo os músculos peitorais. Nenhum estudo clínico randomizado foi realizado em procedimentos envolvendo diretamente os músculos peitorais, como a mamoplastia de aumento submuscular. Nossa hipótese foi de que o bloqueio PECS I diminuiria a dor pós-operatória nessa população. Método: Realizamos estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo em mulheres submetidas à mamoplastia de aumento submuscular. Realizamos o bloqueio PECS I com 0,4 mL.kg-1 de solução salina a 0,9% de um lado e bupivacaína (0,25%) do outro lado, sendo cada paciente seu próprio controle. Os escores da Escala de Avaliação Numérica (EAN) de dor (0 - 10) foram obtidos em repouso e durante movimento. O desfecho primário foi o escore de dor em repouso 30 minutos após a chegada à SRPA. Para detectar uma diferença clinicamente significante de 50% na redução da dor, 14 voluntárias foram incluídas (poder de 90% e alfa < 0,05). Resultados: Na SRPA, três pacientes não apresentaram diferença na dor entre os lados, cinco relataram menos dor no lado do placebo e seis, menos dor no lado da bupivacaína. No grupo bupivacaína, os escores de dor em repouso aos 5, 30 e 60 minutos e 24 horas foram 4,89 (4,23 - 5,56; IC médio 95%), 3,75 (3,13 - 4,37), 3,79 (2,93 - 4,64) e 2,29 (1,56 - 3,01), respectivamente, enquanto no grupo placebo foram 4,96 (4,32 - 5,60), 4,00 (3,50 - 4,49), 3,93 (3,12 - 4,73) e 2,29 (1,56 - 3,01), respectivamente. Conclusões: O bloqueio PECS I em pacientes submetidas a mamoplastia de aumento não oferece melhor alívio da dor do que o placebo. Portanto, as indicações para bloqueio de PECS I na cirurgia de aumento de mama devem ser reconsideradas.

Intravascular histiocytosis: case report of a rare disease probably associated with silicone breast implant

Abstract Intravascular histiocytosis is a rare condition characterized by the aggregate of histiocytes within dilated dermal vessels. The diagnosis is mainly histophatological and immunohistochemical. We describe a case of a 55 year-old female patient presenting erythematous/purple patches on the breasts, back and limbs. She previously presented ductal carcinoma in the right breast in 2006 which was treated with mastectomy and proceeded to silicone breast implant in 2009. Clinical hypothesis was telangiectatic metastatic carcinoma. Histopathology showed vascular ectasia, thrombosis and recanalization of upper dermis small vessels. On immunohistochemistry, intravascular cells were CD 68+ and negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors, CK7, EMA and AE1/AE3 and endothelial cells were CD64+, leading to the diagnosis of intravascular histiocytosis.

Reconstrucción Mamaria Tardia Vd / Delayed Breast Reconstruction Vd

Resumen Se presentan casos clínicos operados con la técnica de reconstrucción mamaria de grande dorsal Vd, y se muestra un procedimiento quirúrgico que permite dar un mejor terminado en cuanto a simetría, volumen y proyección. Se muestran 4 casos de reconstrucción tardía, de los cuales 2 fueron reconstrucciones tardías propiamente dichas y los otros 2 con reconstrucciones previas con complicaciones (un caso de necrosis previa de TRAM y otro con mal posicionamiento de la prótesis). Se resalta la utilización de un sistema de cierre asistido por vacío (sistema de presión negativa), un sistema no invasivo y dinámico que ayuda a promover la cicatrización en el lugar de la herida, lo que favorece la reducción del área de la herida, eliminando el exceso de fluidos y estimulando la angiogénesis. Los 4 casos se atendieron en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia, la Clínica San Diego y el Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio.

Abstract There are clinical cases operated with the large dorsal breast reconstruction technique Vd, and a surgical procedure is shown that allows a better finish in terms of symmetry, volume and projection. Four cases of late reconstruction are shown, of which 2 were late reconstructions themselves and the other 2 with previous reconstructions with complications (one case of previous TRAM necrosis and another with poor positioning of the prosthesis). The use of a vacuum assisted closure system (negative pressure system), a non-invasive and dynamic system that helps promote healing at the site of the wound, which favors the reduction of the wound area, eliminating excess fluids and stimulating angiogenesis. The 4 cases were treated at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia, the San Diego Clinic and the Villavicencio Departmental Hospital.

Comparative clinical evaluation of breast augmentation using silicone foam coated implants and textured implants

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether silicone foam implants have a different evolution pattern compared to conventional texture implants. Methods Fifty-eight female patients underwent surgery. They were divided into two groups (silicone foam - Lifesil® - and microtexturized silicone - Lifesil®). The evolution was analyzed in postoperative consultations, with physical examination, photographic documentation and filling in a satisfaction questionnaire, in the postoperative period of one month, four months, one year and then annually, up to a maximum of 3 years of follow-up. Results There were no statistically significant differences in presence of rippling, stretch marks, breast ptosis, capsular contracture and quality of scars. There was a higher rate of patients who were very satisfied with the outcome 360 days after surgery in the group receiving silicone foam implants (p = 0.036). Conclusion In short time, silicone foam envelope implants proved to be as reliable as textured silicone envelope implants, making them an option for augmentation mammoplasty.

Mamoplastia secundária com ressecção em monobloco e neoposicionamento do implante no espaço retropeitoral parcial / Secondary mammaplasty with monobloc resection and implant repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket

Introdução: As cirurgias de aumento de mamas com implantes de silicone estão entre os procedimentos de cirurgia plástica mais realizados. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar os casos de pacientes com prótese de silicone, submetidas à mamoplastia secundária, apresentando uma alternativa de abordagem com ressecção em monobloco do tecido mamário, cápsula fibrosa e prótese de silicone; e o neoposicionamento do implante em loja retromuscular peitoral parcial. Métodos: Foram analisados 24 casos de mamoplastia secundária com neoposicionamento da prótese, apresentando os motivos da indicação da cirurgia e o detalhamento da abordagem cirúrgica para maior facilidade na execução do procedimento e a obtenção de resultados mais satisfatórios. Resultados: Todos os casos operados apresentavam alterações no exame físico das mamas, como: ptose mamária contratura capsular, posicionamento inadequado dos implantes e assimetrias mamárias. Nos casos estudados, as próteses com revestimento de poliuretano e sua completa adesão à cápsula fibrosa permitiram a ressecção mais prática, mesmo com variáveis graus de contratura capsular. As cápsulas fibrosas que envolviam implantes texturizados tinham características mais finas e a instabilidade das próteses, pela presença de seroma residual ou pelo excessivo tamanho da loja da prótese, desencadearam maior dificuldade na ressecção. Conclusão: A realização de mamoplastia secundária com troca de prótese, empregando a ressecção em monobloco e neoposicionamento do implante no espaço retromuscular peitoral parcial com suturas do músculo ao tecido mamário, oferece uma alternativa para otimizar o procedimento, maior estabilidade do músculo até completa cicatrização e a formação de nova cápsula fibrosa.

Introduction: Breast augmentation with silicone implants is one of the most common plastic surgery procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate patients with previous silicone implantations undergoing secondary mammaplasty, presenting an alternative approach with en block resection of breast tissue, fibrous capsule, and silicone implant, followed by implant repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket. Methods: This study included 24 cases of secondary mammaplasty with implant repositioning. It presents the indications for surgery and details the surgical approach for easier procedures and more satisfactory results. Results: All the included cases presented breast changes on physical examination, such as breast ptosis, capsular contracture, improper implant position, and breast asymmetry. In the studied cases, the use of polyurethane-coated implants and their complete adherence to the fibrous capsule resulted in a more practical resection even with varying degrees of capsular contracture. Fibrous capsules of textured implants were thinner, and implant instability due to the presence of residual seroma or pockets bigger than necessary resulted in more difficult resection. Conclusion: Secondary mammaplasty with en bloc resection, along with implant replacement and repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket with sutures involving muscle and breast tissue is an alternative to optimize the procedure, providing greater muscle stability until complete healing and new fibrous capsule formation.

Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after augmentation mammoplasty: case series / Bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia pós-operatória em mamoplastia de aumento: série de casos

Abstract Augmentation mammoplasty is the third most frequently performed esthetic surgical procedure worldwide. Breast augmentation with prosthetic implants requires the insertion of an implant under breast tissue, which causes severe pain due to tissue extension and surgical trauma to separated tissues. In this case series, we present the successful pain management of six patients with ultrasound-guided Erector Spinae Plane block after augmentation mammoplasty. In the operating room, all patients received standard monitoring. While the patients were sitting, the anesthesiologist performed bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block at the level of T5. Bupivacaine (0.25%, 20 mL) was injected deep to the erector spinae muscle. Then, induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol, fentanyl, and rocuronium bromide. All patients received intravenous dexketoprofen trometamol for analgesia. The mean operation time was 72.5±6 min and none of the patients received additional fentanyl. The mean pain scores of the patients were 1, 2, 2, and 2 at the postoperative 5th, 30th, 60th and 120th minutes, respectively. At the postoperative 24th hour, the mean Numerical Rating Scale score was 1. The mean intravenous tramadol consumption was 70.8±15.3 mg in the first 24 h. None of the patients had any complications related to erector spinae plane block.

Resumo A mamoplastia de aumento é o terceiro procedimento cirúrgico estético mais feito em todo o mundo. A cirurgia com implantes protéticos requer a inserção de um implante sob o tecido mamário, o que causa dor intensa devido à extensão do tecido e trauma cirúrgico aos tecidos separados. Nesta série de casos, apresentamos o manejo bem-sucedido da dor em seis pacientes com bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom (US-ESP) após mamoplastia de aumento. Na sala de cirurgia, todas as pacientes receberam monitoramento padrão. Enquanto as pacientes estavam sentadas, o anestesiologista fez o bloqueio US-ESP bilateral no nível de T5. Bupivacaína (0,25%, 20 mL) foi injetada entre os músculos romboide maior e eretor da espinha. Em seguida, a indução anestésica foi feita com propofol, fentanil e rocurônio. Todas as pacientes receberam dexcetoprofeno trometamol por via venosa para analgesia. O tempo médio de operação foi de 72,5 ± 6 minutos e nenhuma das pacientes recebeu fentanil adicional. Os escores médios de dor das pacientes foram 1, 2, 2 e 2 no 5°, 30°, 60° e 120° minutos de pós-operatório, respectivamente. No 24° dia de pós-operatório, o escore médio da Escala de Avaliação Numérica (NRS) foi 1. O consumo médio de tramadol foi de 40 ± 33,4 mg nas primeiras 24 horas. Nenhuma das pacientes apresentou complicações relacionadas ao bloqueio US-ESP.

Perfil da cirurgia de aumento de mama no Brasil / Profile of breast augmentation surgery in Brazil

Introdução: A última pesquisa da Sociedade Internacional de Cirurgia Estética (ISAPS) mostrou que 2.524.115 cirurgias plásticas foram realizadas no Brasil em 2017. O aumento de mama tem sido um dos procedimentos plásticos mais comumente realizados no Brasil, totalizando mais de 200.000 cirurgias no ano de 2016. O objetivo é avaliar as práticas e tendências atuais em aumento de mama no Brasil. Métodos: Um questionário de 31 itens foi construído e enviado para 6.200 membros ativos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP). A pesquisa abordou algumas tendências atuais e práticas controversas considerando cinco áreas: controvérsias atuais, novas tecnologias, implantes mamários, considerações técnicas em procedimentos secundários e aspectos demográficos. O questionário foi desenhado para delinear o perfil das práticas, procedimentos e crenças entre os cirurgiões plásticos sobre o uso dos implantes mamários no Brasil. Resultados: Foram coletadas 505 respostas, representando uma taxa de resposta em torno de 10%, bem acima da taxa média de resposta de um questionário da SBCP. Os resultados foram distribuídos em 5 tabelas de acordo com as áreas de interesse. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa, as práticas mais comuns incluíram o uso de implantes redondos de microtextura e silicone revestido com poliuretano no procedimento primário, poket subglandular, incisões inframamárias, dimensionamento pré-operatório com amostras de implante redondas, antibióticos intravenosos e orais, irrigação com duplo antibiótico, implante faixa de tamanho geralmente menos 325cc e sem drenagem. Não há consenso sobre a lipotransferência mamária e o manejo da contratura capsular e da deformidade da bolha dupla.

Introduction: The latest research by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) showed that 2,524,115 plastic surgeries were performed in Brazil in 2017. Breast augmentation has been one of the most commonly-performed plastic procedures in Brazil, totaling more than 200,000 surgeries in 2016. The objective is to evaluate the current practices and trends in breast augmentation in Brazil. Methods: A 31- item questionnaire was constructed and sent to 6,200 active members of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP). The research addressed some current trends and controversial practices in five areas: current controversies, new technologies, breast implants, technical considerations in secondary procedures, and demographic aspects. The questionnaire was designed to profile practices, procedures, and beliefs among plastic surgeons regarding the use of breast implants in Brazil. Results: A total of 505 responses were collected, representing a response rate around 10%, which is well above the average response rate for Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP) questionnaires. The results were distributed in five tables by area of interest. Conclusion: In this study, the most common practices included the use of microtexture round implants and polyurethane-coated silicone as the primary procedure, a subglandular pocket, inframammary incisions, preoperative sizing with round implant samples, intravenous and oral antibiotics, double irrigation antibiotics, an implant size that was generally less than 325 cc, and without drainage. There is no consensus on breast lip balancing and the management of capsular contracture and double bubble deformity.

Implante submuscular em duplo bolso para mastopexias de aumento / Submuscular implant in double pocket for augmentation mastopexy

Introdução: A utilização de implantes mamários vem aumentando. O posicionamento do implante na literatura é relatado como subglandular, subfascial, submuscular total e parcial, cada qual com suas indicações, limitações e complicações. Métodos: Este trabalho mostra uma manobra para cobertura do implante e sua sustentação utilizando dois retalhos musculares. Entre novembro de 2009 e abril de 2012, foram analisados 80 casos de pacientes submetidas à inclusão de implantes em posição submuscular em duplo bolso, independentemente da via de acesso, do grau de flacidez e ptose. Resultados: A versatilidade desta manobra permite que seja utilizada em uma ampla variedade de mamas, desde aumento sem flacidez a mamopexia com implante, podendo ser realizada por via periareolar, inframamária ou aberta. Foi utilizada em cirurgias primárias e secundárias, com ou sem uso de retalho de tecido mamário e retirada de pele. Conclusões: A cobertura do implante com o músculo peitoral pela técnica de duplo bolso demonstrou ótimos resultados, com baixo índice de complicações e reintervenções. Esta técnica está sendo utilizada em uma maior casuística e um seguimento mais longo tem sido feito para confirmar os resultados obtidos até o momento.

Introduction: The use of implants is steadily increasing. Reports have been published of implants in the subglandular, subfascial, total, and partial submuscular positions each with its indications, limitations, and complications. Methods: This study presents a technique to cover the implant and support it using two muscle flaps. Between November 2009 and April 2012, 80 patients who submitted to inclusion of implants in the submuscular position in double pocket were analyzed, regardless of the access route, the degree of flaccidity, and ptosis. Results: The versatility of this maneuver allows it to be used in a wide variety of breasts, from breast augmentation without flaccidity to mastopexy with implant, and may be carried out via the periareolar, inframammary, or open access routes. It was used in primary and secondary surgeries, with or without the use of breast tissue flap and removal of skin. Conclusions: The coverage of the implant with the pectoral muscle by the double pocket technique displayed excellent results, with a low rate of complications and reinterventions. This technique is being studied in a larger sample with a longer follow-up to confirm the results obtained so far.

Characteristics of adhesion areas between the tissue expander and capsule in implant-based breast reconstruction

BACKGROUND: The use of anatomic implants has improved the aesthetic results of breast surgery; however, implant malrotation is an uncommon, but serious complication of these procedures. Nevertheless, little research has explored implant adhesion. In this study, we investigated adhesion between the expander and the capsule. METHODS: Seventy-nine cases of immediate breast reconstruction via two-stage implant-based reconstruction performed between September 2016 and November 2017 were evaluated. Mentor CPX4 expanders were used in 14 breasts, and Natrelle expanders in 65. We analyzed areas of adhesion on the surfaces of the tissue expanders when they were exchanged with permanent implants. We investigated whether adhesions occurred on the cephalic, caudal, anterior, and/or posterior surfaces of the expanders. RESULTS: Total adhesion occurred in 18 cases, non-adhesion in 15 cases, and partial adhesion in 46 cases. Of the non-adhesion cases, 80% (n=12) were with Mentor CPX4 expanders, while 94.4% (n=17) of the total adhesion cases were with Natrelle expanders. Of the partial adhesion cases, 90.7% involved the anterior-cephalic surface. The type of tissue expander showed a statistically significant relationship with the number of attachments in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses (P<0.001) and with total drainage only in the univariate analysis (P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: We sought to identify the location(s) of adhesion after tissue expander insertion. The texture of the implant was a significant predictor of the success of adhesion, and partial adhesion was common. The anterior-cephalic surface showed the highest adhesion rate. Nevertheless, partial adhesion suffices to prevent unwanted rotation of the expander.

Finite element analysis of long-term changes of the breast after augmentation mammoplasty: Implications for implant design

The development of breast implant technology continues to evolve over time, but changes in breast shape after implantation have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we performed computerized finite element analysis in order to better understand the trajectory of changes and stress variation after breast implantation. The finite element analysis of changes in breast shape involved two components: a static analysis of the position where the implant is inserted, and a dynamic analysis of the downward pressure applied in the direction of gravity during physical activity. Through this finite element analysis, in terms of extrinsic changes, it was found that the dimensions of the breast implant and the position of the top-point did not directly correspond to the trajectory of changes in the breast after implantation. In addition, in terms of internal changes, static and dynamic analysis showed that implants with a lower top-point led to an increased amount of stress applied to the lower thorax. The maximum stress values were 1.6 to 2 times larger in the dynamic analysis than in the static analysis. This finding has important implications for plastic surgeons who are concerned with long-term changes or side effects, such as bottoming-out, after anatomic implant placement.

Análise da participação de hospital universitário em um mutirão nacional de reconstrução mamária / Analysis of the participation of a university hospital in a national program for breast reconstruction

Introdução: Mesmo com os avanços das cirurgias conservadoras, a mastectomia ainda é uma cirurgia bastante realizada. Todavia, muitas pacientes não conseguem submeter-se à reconstrução imediata, passando a integrar uma crescente fila à espera da cirurgia reparadora. Com o intuito de diminuir tal demanda, foram criados os programas de mutirão cirúrgicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados referentes ao 2º Mutirão Nacional de Reconstrução Mamária (MNRC), realizado no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio (SCPMR-HUWC). Método: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, no qual foram avaliadas as 16 pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária no 2º MNRM no SCPMR-HUWC. As pacientes foram acompanhadas pelo período de 6 meses e os dados obtidos foram tabelados e analisados. Resultados: 16 pacientes, todas mulheres, foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária pós-mastectomia. A idade variou entre 39 e 72 anos, com média de 49 anos. Dentre as complicações precoces, foram observados seroma em região dorsal (13%), necrose parcial da pele da mastectomia (6%), deiscência parcial da ferida operatória (13%) necrose do retalho de grande dorsal (6%). Nenhuma das pacientes apresentou complicações tardias. O período de internação variou de 1 a 5 dias. Todas as pacientes que estavam na fila do SCPMR-HUWC de cirurgia foram operadas. Conclusões: Foi verificado alto grau de satisfação por parte das pacientes operadas e bons resultados obtidos, com poucas repercussões funcionais. Assim, concluímos que os mutirões de reconstrução mamária pós-mastectomia são uma alternativa viável em termos de saúde pública.

Introduction: Despite advances in conservative surgeries, mastectomy is still a commonly performed procedure. However, many patients are unable to undergo immediate reconstruction. Such patients are integrated into a growing queue for restorative surgery. With the intention of reducing this demand, surgical Task Force programs were created. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of the second National Task Force of Breast Reconstruction (NTFBR), performed at the Plastic Surgery Service of Walter Cantídio University Hospital (SCPMRHUWC). Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted, in which 16 patients underwent breast reconstruction at SCPMRHUWC. The patients were followed up for 6 months, and their data were tabulated and analyzed. Results: All 16 female patients underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The patients' ages ranged from 39 to 72 years. Among the early complications, seroma in the dorsal region (13%), partial necrosis of the mastectomy skin (6%), partial dehiscence of the operative wound (13%), and necrosis of the large dorsal flap (6%) were observed. None of the patients had late complications. The period of hospitalization ranged from 1 to 5 days. All patients who were in the SCPMR-HUWC queue for surgery were operated on. Conclusions: In this study, a high degree of satisfaction was verified by the operated patients, and good results were obtained with few functional complications. Thus, we conclude that the Task Force of breast reconstruction after mastectomy is a viable alternative in terms of public health.